The Domestication History of Chickpeas

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum or garbanzo beans) are large roundish legumes, that look rather like a large round pea with an interesting bumpy surface. A staple of Middle Eastern, African and Indian cuisines, the chickpea is the worlds second most widely grown legume after the soybean, and one of the eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture on our planet. Chickpeas store really well  and are high in nutritive value, although they are not very disease resistant, compared to other legumes. The wild version of chickpeas (Cicer reticulatum) is only found in parts of what is today southeastern Turkey and adjacent Syria, and it is likely that it was first domesticated there, about 11,000 years ago. Chickpeas were part of the culture that first developed farming on our planet, called the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Varieties Domesticated chickpeas (also called garbanzo beans) come in two main groups called desi and kabuli  but you can also find varieties in 21 different colors and several shapes. Scholars believe that the oldest variety of chickpea is the desi form;  Ã‚   desi are small, angular, and variegated in color. The desi likely originated in Turkey and was subsequently introduced into India where kabuli, the most common form of chickpea today, was developed. Kabuli have large beige beaked seeds, which are more rounded than desi. Domesticating Chickpeas The chickpea gained several very useful features from the domestication process. For example, the wild form of chickpea ripens only in the winter, while the domesticated form can be sown during the spring for summer harvest. Domestic chickpeas still grow best in winter when there is adequate water available; but during the winters they are susceptible to Ascochyta blight, a devastating disease which has been known to wipe out entire crops. The creation of chickpeas that could be grown in summer decreased the riskiness of relying on the crop. In addition, the domesticated form of chickpea contains nearly twice the tryptophan of the wild form, an amino acid that has been connected with higher brain serotonin concentrations and higher birth rates and accelerated growth in humans and animals. See Kerem et al. for additional information. Genome Sequencing The first draft whole genome shotgun sequence of both desi and kabuli breeding lines was published in 2013. Varshney et al. discovered that genetic diversity was slightly higher in the desi, compared to kabuli, supporting earlier contentions that desi is the older of the two forms. The scholars identified 187 disease resistance genes homologies, considerably fewer than other legume species. They hope that others will be able to use the information collected to develop superior varieties with improved crop productivity and less susceptibility to disease. Archaeological Sites Domesticated chickpeas have been found at several early archaeological sites, including the Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites of Tell el-Kerkh (ca. 8,000 BC) and Djade (11,000-10,300 calendar years ago cal BP, or about 9,000 BC) in Syria, Cayà ¶nà ¼ (7250-6750 BC), Hacilar (ca 6700 BC), and Akarà §ay Tepe (7280-8700 BP) in Turkey; and Jericho (8350 BC to 7370 BC) in the West Bank. Sources Abbo S, Zezak I, Schwartz E, Lev-Yadun S, Kerem Z, and Gopher A. 2008. Wild lentil and chickpea harvest in Israel: bearing on the origins of Near Eastern farming. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(12):3172-3177. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.004 Dà ¶nmez E, and Belli O. 2007. Urartian plant cultivation at Yoncatepe (Van), eastern Turkey. Economic Botany 61(3):290-298. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[290:upcayv]2.0.co;2 Kerem Z, Lev-Yadun S, Gopher A, Weinberg P, and Abbo S. 2007. Chickpea domestication in the Neolithic Levant through the nutritional perspective. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(8):1289-1293. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.025 Simon CJ, and Muehlbauer FJ. 1997. Construction of a Chickpea Linkage Map and Its Comparison With Maps of Pea and Lentil. Journal of Heredity 38:115-119. Singh KB. 1997. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research 53:161-170. Varshney RK, Song C, Saxena RK, Azam S, Yu S, Sharpe AG, Cannon S, Baek J, Rosen BD, Taran B et al. 2013. Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) provides a resource for trait improvement. Nature Biotechnology 31(3):240-246. Willcox G, Buxo R, and Herveux L. 2009. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate and the beginnings of cultivation in northern Syria. The Holocene 19(1):151-158.

The Art and Science of Nursing - 670 Words

What do we know about nursing? To what extent do we understand nursing? How can we decide if we do â€Å"know† what nursing is? These are questions asked when we are developing knowledge about Nursing as both an Art and Science. Nursing gathers it generalized knowledge from experience with unique individuals from sources such as everyday non-scientific knowledge yet nursing always return to the individual for the application of its knowledge. What is nursing science? Nursing science is defined according to Barrett (2002) â€Å"as the substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human- universe-health process articulate in the nursing frameworks and theories† (p. 57). In general nursing science is the system of relationships and people response to health and illness addressing biological, behavioral, social, and cultural domains. There is still a debate ongoing as to if nursing is and occupation or a profession because nursing was viewed as an occupation not a profession. I think it is a profession because of the characteristics of the nursing profession which is (1) a body of knowledge, (2) code of ethics, (3) recognized authority by a profession group, (4) a professional organization that sets standards, (5) a strong service orientation, (6) autonomy, (7) ongoing research. It is also a profession that is always evolving in academic discipline and a science. According to Schlotfeldt, 1989, a prof ession must also have and institutionalized goal or social missionShow MoreRelatedIs Nursing an Art or Science1576 Words   |  7 Pages Is Nursing an Art or Science, or Both? NUR 1214 Abstract Nursing is defined and referred to as both an art and a science through theory and research in nursing practice. 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Fashion Retail Management - 3781 Words

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Web Design free essay sample

Web design it has different meanings in different fields, it’s the creation of a plan for the convention of an object. It can be used in areas like architectural, engineering, business, circuit diagrams and patterns of sewing. Web design is a similar process of creation, which the end-users can access the internet with the help of a browser. It had elements like; layout, color, graphics, fonts and content. Besides the essential elements that make a web design beautiful and visually compelling a website must also consider its users, and it should be user-friendly.Web design has different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. These areas include graphic web design, interface design such as authoring, including standardized code and proprietary software, user experience design; and search engine optimization. Many times, web design experts will work in different scopes covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will include them all. We will write a custom essay sample on Web Design or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Web design partially overlaps web engineering in the broader range of web development. Those who design the web are expected to have an awareness of usability, and if their role involves creating mark up, then they are also likely to be up to date with web accessibility guidelines.Web designers use a range of tools depending on what part of the process of production involving them. This paraphernalia often updated by newer software and standards, though the rules remain the same. Web designers use both raster graphics editor and vectors to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes. Technologies used to develop websites include W3C standards like CSS and HTML, which can be hand-coded or generated by WYSIWYG editing software. Other tools web designers might use include markup validators and other testing tools for usability and accessibility to ensure their websites meet web accessibility guidelines. ConclusionThough it is a tight field, Web design is a vital knowledge which should be learned be owners of businesses. It can increasingly help them design websites which increasing market coverage and profits